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Showing posts with label Language and Self. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Language and Self. Show all posts

My Love For Writing: A Few Reflections

'What do you think Umer, why writing is important in life, or is it?'

1. Since when I was asked this question by my teacher, I've never come to any conclusion - only pieces of fragments I've been able to gather at my own, which impede a great progress to me. If one person has found his place in arts, he's given time to it. But how many, you'd suppose, will be lured into the temptations of such a sublime and time-taking profession of extracting from the nothingness of space 'things' so concrete which persist so long, in this profession? A few. Historically. How many lofty and respectful poets we quote, and how many writers? Hundreds, thousands but not more than that.

1. (a). Thus, if writing were to be an integral part of life everyone should have an 'innate' capacity to learn writing, and triple the heap of printed books now we produce. But, if I consider that literature and philosophy, or simply writing is not a passion of rough minds, who insist or are condemned to remain as rough, only then the significance of writing may be properly hinted upon. Here I need to clarify by pointing to a historic trend among a spiritual class of people that those who negate writing need not be 'rough' that who cannot touch the skies. For simple reason, writing is only one type of communication among many others. We've world oral traditions, like of Persian, Red Indians and ours own, where a large part of education is given in oral medium.

2. Cultures can be differentiated on the basis of their associations with writing. We lack writing culture in Pakistan, on a larger scale. A college student at my native city studied at the most respectable institute of his city till high school level. The loneliest place he could find on the earth, he believed, was his college library, amassed with hundreds of book, some never opened! And, perceptually, I don't feel if he is an alien to me. But, if things are not like the way I see them that means the change is in the air. 

2. (a1). Americans, on the other hand, have a book-culture, my teacher has studied there for a few years and he's a witness to it. And, the difference is discernible with ease! (I do not mean to say as if it is a fault of our genes. It may be fault of generation(s).)

3. The little I think I know so far about writing I'm expressing my thoughts that are either derived or independent summarised in the following points, which I fear are far from being mature:

* Its a process not an event. Continues - our 'writing' shapes, reshapes, constructs and deconstructs.

*  The root word of book "liber' from Latin refers to the thin layer between wood and the bark, a book says. It also meant "liberty", "to deliver". Thus, traditionally the goal of a book is deliverance from the 'fetters of this world' and ignorance.

* Its a part of a bigger scheme. If I had no mind, or no innate capacity to learn language, how could I think? And, if I couldn't think, how could I write meaningful thing?

* I've found that in order to define writing and 'process' of writing, it requires a knowledge of writing and unusual 'way' of looking at it, for instance, understanding it with technicality has helped many a linguistic to use it in computers. Thereby, they're also able better to understand its strict structure.

* It is generating, expressing, labeling and creating with a structure that of a mathematical equation.

* Its material benefits are too obvious to mention.

* Its material benefits do not make writing unique. We learned writing only a few thousand years ago. And, now-a-days, benefits of other digital communications are more viable than writing by hand.

* Perhaps, the supreme reason for the uniqueness of writing lies in its quality as being a creative process of its own kind. Crystallizing intuitions is one thing, bringing feelings and abstract imaginable, or unimaginable ideas is another 'thing'. Techniques or principle of speaking do not absolutely match with those of writing.

* Writing is a physical creation of mental creation(s).

* Writings need not be logical or based on philosophical systems. A single idea may sum up in itself thousands of its inter-connected branches. We find many, many fiction and non-fiction writers who do not think from a philosopher's point of view. But, both can have a commonality in such a situation, both can think of abstract ideas as profoundly as the other one can do. For example, a writer may describe what he see is sitting on the table. And, taking those objects he can make them use in metaphorical or figurative sense. Or, relate one idea with another without any obvious connection between them (this technique is used to make brain run).

* If a 'writing' is an affirmation; it can also be a negation of an affirmation.

* Written words, not graphics, need not be spelled or spoken either by heart or tongue. We can develop enough reading skills by which understanding a writing by merely glancing at it.

* Writing puts great focus on a well-written, well-expressed problem or 'confusion'; gives body to its soul and create patterns out of it. By writing, we can negotiate and re-negotiate with ourselves on a solid ground.

* A little piece of writing can tell tales, one such broadened my scope about writing. A new class-mate of mine wrote in the class on what he previously believed, and the dramatic shift in this thinking occurred. It was very brief, in two or three sentences, but it seemed just as if a saga has been told.

* Writing and speaking share a unique feature which is the quality of saying things we know not of, which may even not exist or which cannot be imagined by our mind as 'images'.

* Saying the truth in writing is not as easy as it isn't easy while speech-making. Beauty of expression can have affect on reader's mind and that definitely includes correct structure. Fowler say that a bad structure cannot be repaired, it can only be changed from top to bottom (if the writer is to save the day).

* Writing demands deliberate recollecting of our thoughts, while it also becomes 'exploring'.

* A very effective 'way' of examining life and world that has been lived.

* What is beyond perception, cannot be written off with any assurance. For instance, if I don't know what the word 'lap-top' stands for I cannot even imagine precisely a 'lap-top'. Writing about a fact out-of-our-knowledge becomes impossible.

* I write to attain beauty.

Teachers and Students

The true teacher knocks down the idol that the
student makes of him.


-Rumi


So if my teacher makes me tremble before him, for instance, even unintentionally - he's supposed to show towards me kindness and affection. Such that I feel relaxed in his company. A true teacher is an empathic listener, too. This quality as I have seen is very much shared by such teachers, which I fear not many parents possess! This is what I understood from this saying, so far.

Panorama of Words & A Semantic Theory

How many meanings you think a word can have in a piece of literature? Well of course by now you would have guessed that a word used in a piece of literature gives a meaning, on one hand, and on the other hand its suggestion. Former gives us the literal meaning of the word and the latter represents 'interpretation under certain circumstances'. Or, you might say, 'the second meaning' which evolves from the 'network of expressions' of the literary work. Explains S. H. Olsen in The Struture of Literary Understanding.

"Fool."

Let's analyse this disgusting word (or not?) in a given context.

But thought's the slave of life, and time's fool;

And time, that makes survey of all the world,

Must have a stop. O, I could prophesy,

But that the earthly and cold hand of death

Lies on my tongue.
(1 Henry IV V, iv, 81)

Empson, in his The Structure of Complex Words, beautifully explains "the way in which the word 'fool' [in the preceding example] works, displaying not only the single meaning required by the immediate context, but also those meanings implicit in the word which fit the greater context of the play". To quote Empson:


'Hotspur means chiefly that life is cheated by time, because our apparently great opportunities all end in death; but this might be a comfort, since the same end would come even if he were not defeated. Life is made ridiculous by time; we are clowns because our pretensions make such a contrast with our end. But if time keeps us as clowns we in our turn mock at time; we criticise it, and know better. There was room here for a prophecy; he dies still ready to gibe [taunt] at the House of Lancaster.'


After analysing this paragraph, how different interpretations have you come accross of a single word fool in a little poem by Shakepeare? Interpreting possible suggestions that can be boxed is the job of a critic.
Back to my original question: How many different meaning gives Empson in his The Structure of Complex Words, p. 121? Following:

"1. person who is (a) stupid ( = mocked, brash, inexperienced, childish, duped, loved and pitied as a dependent)
(b) simpleminded
(c) lacking 'common sense'
2. clown, professional jester and mocker
3. knave, obstinately and viciously stupid person (Biblical)
4. weakminded or idiotic person."

Thus, now we can appreciate truly that literature is aesthetic by its features; such vastness and density it enjoys, which is well beyond the capacity of routine-use of language. Literature, I call it, the jewel of language.

Unique Features of Human Language

Posted by. Muhammad Umer Toor, On Nov, 23 2008.


Those who meditate on their human nature and their enviornment with a keen or philosophical outlook, find themselves eagerly observing and studying human language. I am no exception as I have an intellect that takes pleasure in reflecting over its own 'self', and certainly there's a language of self.

In this post I will be sharing with my intelligent readers a few basic but unique features of human language - rather 'design featurs' as R. L Trask call them. This man - R. L. Trask - wrote a book for layman like me, Language: The Basics [1], from where I actually came to appreciate the following conepts of human language:

Desgin Features of Human Language:

1. Duality or Duality of Patterning.

In simplest terms, duality or duality of patterning states that 'by combining a very small set of meaningless speech sounds in various ways, we can produce a very large number of different meaningful item: words. For example, let these be special symbols for speech sounds: /K/, /a/ and /t/. These are called by Trask phonemes [2]'. Individually they mean nothing. But, if we combine them together in different ways, different meaningful English words will be produced, like cat, tact, tacked or act.

It is unique to human language only that we have a very small number of phonemes and we can produce a very large number of meaningful words, even such words which we never have heard before [3]. Whereas non-human creatures communicate on the basis of "one word, one meaning" principle, as the book says. That means, they can't combine their signals to form new signals or calls. Their this signalling system 'consists of usually between three and six signals, or calls - monkeys remarkably have total of twenty or so!![4]'. On the other hand, humans have around 45 phonemes, as mentions the book, and, many, many thousand words, increasing day-by-day, which are made only by the combination of different phonemes.

2. Displacement.

"Displacement is the use of language to talk about things other than the here and now."[5] Have you ever seen the movie "The Day After Tomorrow" or "10,000 B.C"? Even if you've not, the title suggests clearly that both movies must be about time and space not in the present, and they do so (as I have seen both). This is exactly displacement. And no non-human creature except honeybee enjoys this quality. Even so, honeybee's ability to communicate things in displacement is seriously limited as to be compared with that of humans', e.g, it can't mention height, it cannot refer to future events, and so on. Its systems of communications can have no match to what we possess.

3. Open-endedness.

Here are some interesting, mind-boggling sentences from the book:

(1.1)
Luxembourg has invaded New Zealand. [Keep in mind, Luxembourg has no Navy, no Air Force and only a small Army of 800 men.]
(1.2) A large pink spider wearing sunglasses and wielding a feather duster boogied across the floor.
(1.3) Shakespeare wrote his plays in Swahili, and they were translated into English by his African bodyguards. (Shakespearean fans are requested not to outrage for few moments only.) [6]

"Open-endedness is our ability to use language to say anything at all, including lots of things we've never said before [7]." The preceding examples are ones you most probably have never heard before, and almost all of them, to my knowledge, are flat lies. A monkey can warn, "[Roger that] Look out - hunters," if data's at hand'. But they cannot certainly say, "Two hunters with Rifle Belgian FAL prototype (ca.1950) chambered for British .280 (7x43mm) intermediate cartridge." [8]

4. Stimulus-Freedom

This ability of ours, as it will be defined in the next sentence, also testifies of a fact Stephen Covey has advocated in the Ist habit (I leave it upto you to detect this, and mention it in the comments, if it pleases you. Further, see note # 8). I have a friend in some part of
Pakistan, when I like to irritate him, I reply to his serious questions and requests in some of these ways: "Well, Well" or "Yes, yes", or, to bruise him completely, by saying, "No thanks." I do this in a context which is utterly different to the answer. We usually don't prefer answering a person, "No thanks," when he's asking, "Hello, how are you?"! I have done this many time, because I'm stimulus-free!

Trask's knowledge also shows that almost all non-human signals do not have such 'liberty' in saying or reacting to particularsituations, as humans normally can do. He labels non-human creature's signalling system as being, "stimulus-bound" [9]. Humans are, to the contrary, stimulus-free. Most of us reply in 'expected' manner only because of, what Trask puts as, 'social norms or pressures'. Otherwise, "there's nothing about English that prevents us [10]" from saying whatever we want, no matter what is being asked or whatever be the context.

Conclusion.

To finish the post in Trask, author of Language: The Basics [1], "Lacking duality, lacking displacement, lacking open-endedness, lacking stimulus-freedom, animal signalling systems are almost unfathombly different from human languages." And, he goes further to declare boldly, "...human language is unique on earth, and without it we could not count ourselves human at all."! [11]




Notes:

[1] "This second edition of R. L. Trask's Language: The Basics (LTB), provides a concise introduction to the study of language, Routledge - Publisher." [Source is here.]

[2] LTB, 2nd Ed. Routledge. Reference to quotation, Pg. # 3.

[3] The concept human language can produce words which we know not of before, falls under the heading of arbitrariness [Pg. # 12, LTB, 2nd Ed.]. Which says that words do not, mostly, contain inherent meaning within themselves, they are only labelled particular meaning. And, its, obviously, is a matter of convention. For instance, what is the meaning of word meaning? Why we call dog, d-o-g in English? This is arbitrariness. To give you more clearer idea, consider word mean again. Trask explains that mean has different meanings in English. [This is again arbitrariness.] 'The French word mine sounds exactly like English mean, but the French word means (coal)mine', he says. And, there are so many other meanings of words of form like of mean, yet they represent utterly different truths. Now, it should be clear to my reader that this happens because mostly words are born out of conventions. And, conventions are conventions, they're absolute in such cases.

[4] Quote: LTB, 2nd Ed. Routledge, Pg. # 4.

[5] Quote: LTB, 2nd Ed. Routledge, Pg. # 5.

[6] Quote: LTB, 2nd Ed. Routledge, Pg. # 6.

[7] Quote: LTB, 2nd Ed. Routledge, Pg. # 5.

[8] The book accounts of one rare spectacle ever recorded, which is an example of stimulus-freedom in animals. 'A fox, Arctic one, was found signalling danger signs to her cabs, when there was no danger around. Probably to distract them from her meal she was trying to eat'. [Pg # 11, LTB, 2nd Ed.]

[9] Quote: LTB, 2nd Ed. Routledge, Pg. # 11. Moreover, notice, this can be a clue to my question.

[10] Quote: LTB, 2nd Ed. Routledge, Pg. # 10.

[11] Quote: LTB, 2nd Ed. Routledge, Pg. # 11.


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